Lactuca sativa
Lettuce is of the sunflower and daisy family, called Asteraceae. It was grown firstly for oil-rich seeds, then bred in ancient Egypt to become the plant we know, mostly eaten for salad leaves. This lesson is all about growing lettuce for leaves.
Since I am a professional salad grower and lettuce is one of my passions, even above other vegetables, I have a huge range of photos to share with you. This lesson has many of its words in photo captions, and many of the photo sequences tell you a story. Enjoy!
Harvest period
- Days from seed to first harvest: 40–70, or 30 for cut baby leaves
- Best climate is temperate, without excessive heat or intense sunlight, not too dry.
Why grow them
Lettuce grows quickly and easily, and can give harvest regularly for long periods, from just one sowing of only a few plants. This is a salient feature of my methods of growing and harvesting lettuce, all explained here.
Homegrown lettuce is way more than a watery garnish. It has noticeable flavour and beautiful appearance, both in the garden and on the table.
Pattern of growth
Lettuce is an annual plant but, if you sow it late enough, it can overwinter as a small plant to grow more in the spring before its flowering season of early summer.
- The period of maximum leaf growth is spring to midsummer.
- Throughout this time leaves are of high quality, with less mildew and a wonderful gloss appearance.
- Late summer through autumn is lettuce’s time for flowering and seeding, so leaf growth is less strong and healthy.
- Lettuce has hardiness to some frost, varying between types.
Suitable for containers/shade?
A strong yes for lettuce: you can grow it well, both in containers and in the shade. One proviso for growing in shade is to water less often, because slugs love to eat lettuce and thrive in damp conditions, such as when surfaces are always moist.
The plants are not great feeders or demanding of deep beds; in fact, lettuce grows extremely well in quite shallow trays or baskets. Plus, when they are filled with decent quality compost, you often do not need to feed them, just harvest regularly.
Lettuce types
Sow and grow all of these in the same way. The classification is so you know what to expect in appearance and harvest.
1. Cos or romaine, from the island of Kos in the Aegean Sea – mostly large and long green leaves; many varieties grow dense hearts, and they are less hardy to frost than other types.
2. Batavian or summer crisp – firm-textured tasty leaves; plants crop for long periods and make heads too.
3. Iceberg/Crisp or cabbage head – great to eat in hot weather, with more water in the leaves and less flavour.
4. Butterhead or round – grow soft leaves and slightly waxy, sweet and tender heads.
5. Looseleaf or leaf – non-heading varieties of many colours and shapes, such as oakleaf and the Lollo’s (named after the frilly knickers of Gina Lollobridgida!)
6. Celtuce or stem – grown for a long tender stem, appreciated in Asian cooking. The harvest is one cut when plants are tall, after about three months.
Varieties
There are so many, both new and old. Here are some I recommend.
Maravilla de Verano Canasta and Saragossa are amazing Batavians of excellent flavour, with firm but tender leaves and lovely bronze hues. They give leaf harvests for a long period.
Lollo Rossa comes in many sub-varieties, of which I like Tuska for its exceptionally long period of harvest – up to 12 weeks; the flavour is a little bitter.
Lollo Bionda are bright green Lollo Rossa, less common and with cheerful vibrance, though variable performance. Little Gem is a small cos with a sweet head; it also has sub-varieties. Maureen is growing well for us and works as a leaf lettuce. Mottistone has round, medium-sized leaves with pretty blotches of pink and red, and is of average flavour. Appleby is just one of many green oakleaf varieties, with large and tender leaves.
Grenoble Red, or Rouge Grenobloise, is hardy to frost, resists aphid and slugs, and has pretty bronzed leaves of good flavour; it can be grown either for heads or leaves, and is exceptionally long-lived when picked for leaves.
Marvel of Four Seasons is a common and pretty butterhead. It makes lovely sweet heads but is hard to pick for leaves, which lie close to the soil.
Mixed variety packs, if well-chosen by a seed company, give you a pleasing range of leaf types and colour. They may include Green Salad Bowl and Red Salad Bowl, two varieties I avoid because they rise to flower so quickly.
Clear
It’s quick to remove plants: rotate rather than pull the main stem, causing roots to snap so that most of them remain in the soil to feed microbes. Use a rake to level the surface and you are ready to replant.
No new mulch is needed, except after clearing lettuce in late autumn, but you may already be growing other vegetables between these lettuce. If so, apply new compost whenever these interplants finish.
Follow with and interplants
Lettuce plants can finish cropping at almost any time of year, so your follow options depend on those timings.
Starting new plants between leaf lettuce is a great way to make more use of space. Glean ideas for interplanting from the photo sequences below.